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In this issue:
ACTIP website remains popular
Governments should
fund more basic and long term research
Fewer drug applications:
EMEA budget down
FDA restructures new
product review centers
The biomanufacturing
bottleneck
News on transgenic
animals
Genomics and proteomics
Websites related to
genomics and proteomics:
Combinatorial chemistry
successful
News from the Commission
Innovation in FP6
Business News
Research News
On the web
Publications/reports
Agenda
ACTIP
website remains popular
The ACTIP website remains popular. For example, in the month
of September, the website was visited 12,190 times, with 2,049
requests for pages and 122 requests to download files. The most
popular pages visited were respectively publications, interesting
links, news, library, organization and members.
Governments
should fund more basic and long term research
Benchmarking industry-science relationships (ISBN 9264197419,
35 EURO) is a recently published report. It is the result of
a 2 year OECD study of relationships between industry and public
research (universities and specialized institutes). The report
welcomes the widespread transfer of publicly funded research
from specialized research institutes to the multidisciplinary
setting of universities. However, it also concludes that universities
must be given greater autonomy to decide research priorities,
and governments should fund more basic and long-term research,
because industry never will.
Fewer
drug applications: EMEA budget down
For its budget, the EMEA relies on fees charged to drug companies,
along with funding from Brussels. Early October, the EMEAs management
board said it was downscaling the regulatory body's 2002 budget
from 70 mEURO to 65.4 mEURO to reflect the decrease in the number
of applications for the authorization of new medicines. By late
September, only 25 applications had been received, down from
58 for the previous year, confirming a trend observed by other
international regulators. The same pattern is evident at the
FDA: last year, the FDA received a mere 16 applications. Observers
from different companies and bodies all give different reasons
for this decline. Taken together, the following picture emerges:
- recent mega-mergers might quash new developments
on the research front;
manufacturers move away from developing new products to a more
complex generation of preventative remedies;
science is getting more exciting, more complex and more expensive
(average R&D cost for a single new medicine in 2001 was 895
mEURO, compared to 200 mEURO in 1991);
many companies pull out in the latest stage of R&D (bad luck,
fear of litigation);
on a positive note: there is a steady flow of applications for
so-called orphan drugs.
- Source: European Voice
October 23, 2002.
FDA
restructures new product review centers
On September 6, the US FDA announced that it will consolidate
its two product review centers in an effort to speed up and harmonize
the drug review and development process. Under the restructuring,
the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) will have
sole authority over all new pharmaceutical products (including
peptide therapeutics). The Center for Biologics Evaluation and
Research (CBER) will continue to oversee approvals of tissue
and blood products, cell and gene therapies, and vaccines.
Source: Nature Biotechnology,
Vol 20, October 2002.
The
biomanufacturing bottleneck
At the Amsterdam meeting (June 2002), the ACTIP members decided
to focus for the next meeting on issues related to biomanufacturing
capacity and optimization issues. Since then, a number of articles
have appeared addressing this topic. Here is a selection to prepare
for the ACTIP meeting in Gent, where this topic will be addressed.
Biologics (including protein hormones, protein-based vaccines,
monoclononal antibodies and recombinant proteins, are fast becoming
victims of their own success. A looming deficit in biomanufacturing
capacity threatens to restrict the expansion of the commercialization
of this group of products. Here a summary of some facts:
- The sales of recombinant proteins for
human applications were better than US $14 billion in 1998 and
increased to an estimated 19 billion USD in 2000;
It is estimated that between 500-900 therapeutic proteins are
in development;
There are 10 antibodies on the market today, and they are essentially
consuming all the manufacturing capacity that is available. The
problem is that protein drugs, because of being broken down in
the bloodstream, tend to be given in larger doses than small
molecule drugs.
There may be as many as 500 antibodies in development. It is
foreseen that 20-100 new monoclonal antibodies will reach the
drug market in the next ten years, necessitating at least a 200%
increase in manufacturing capacity for that class of proteins
alone.
Based on the above it has been estimated that by 2010 an additional
16 new production plants with at least the same capacity as the
largest one in existence now (90,000 liter Genentech, Vacaville)
would be required;
The current standard technology (using CHO cells in bioreactors)
presents problems with respect to scaling up and the size of
the bioreactors. Building more bioreactors multiplies costs linearly.
A CHO-cell based manufacturing plant can cost upwards of 250
million USD. Errors in predicting demand for capacity have the
habit of being incredibly costly.
Regulators in both Europe and the USA demand that drugs being
produced for the market are produced in the same system as the
ones used to produce the drug for the final round of clinical
trials. Thus, companies have to build facilities for drugs that
might not be approved.
Possible solutions:
A number of possible solutions are available.
All are costly and most are difficult to realize on the short
term. Here is a list of possibilities:
- Build your own pilot-scale manufacturing
facility;
- Expanding capacity, either in house or
by acquiring contract manufacturing capacity;
- Use high yield expression systems;
- Rethink scale-up practices and improve
upstream and downstream purification processes;
- investigate the possibility of using non-standard
expression systems. For example:
- transgenic mammals may express therapeutic
proteins in their milk (mammary bioreactor) (dairy animals, rabbits).
Costs approx 1-2 USD/g raw material)
transgenic chickens may also express therapeutic proteins in
the eggs (costs approx 1-2 USD /g raw material)
transgenic plants may express the desired protein in seeds (approx
costs 0.05 USD/g raw material)
In all these systems, correct folding and glycosylation may present
problems. An alternative solution is developing a generic glycosylation
process, that can be used to glycosylate proteins derived from
any biomanufacturing process.
Interesting reading ......
http://www.chireports.com/content/reports/MAB-222.ASP
Prospects for Commercialization of Human Monoclonal Antibodies
This report, based on interviews with leading experts in the
field, examines business and
technological trends fueling the use of monoclonal antibodies
in drug discovery and development.Ý
For more information, visit http://www.chiresource.com/genomelink.asp
or http://www.CHIreports.com.
News
on transgenic animals
Humantherapeutic proteins that have been expressed in transgenic
animals such as pigs, cows, sheep, and goats include: collagen
to treat burns and bone fractures, fibrinogen to treat burns,
human fertility hormones and anti-clotting proteins.
Mammals are considered the best-suited animals to produce recombinant
proteins, as the complexity of the structure of these proteins
often requires mammal cell systems to reach industrial scale
at reasonable costs. Mammary glands in females and seminal vesicles
in males generate kilograms of very potent products to be sold
as pharmaceuticals. Recently, a Canadian group patented a technology
whereby genetically engineered pigs produce recombinant proteins
in their seminal fluid. The semen is collected and the specific
protein is purified. Advantages are: a short generation time
of the pigs (four months), animals reach sexual maturity at six
months and produce 10-12 piglets per litter; there is a minimal
risk of zoonosis; each animal produces 250-500 ml of semen per
day, year-round; and the technology allows the production of
complex recombinant proteins (carboxylation, glycosylation, methylation)
difficult to produce in other systems.
Pharming to continue
Pharming, troubled by financial debts, has been able to raise
new capital, drawn up schemes to pay off its debtors, and restructured
its employee base (from 230 to 40) and activities. Pharming's
current focus is on human C1-esterase inhibitor produced in transgenic
rabbits. A phase 2 study has been planned. For phase 3 studies,
Pharming is looking for a partner, i.e. a large pharmaceutical
company.
Source: Bionieuws October
5, 2002
Genomics
and proteomics
Proteomic techniques
Genomics is producing a gigantic number of nucleotide sequences
that need to undergo ëproof of principleí by translating
them to a functional protein and in vivo testing. Here a review
of some of the methods used:
Generating proteins
fast and easy: production of target proteins from isolated mRNA
or intron-less cDNA, cloning into a plasmid via a cell free system.
Suitable for first screening experiments of polypeptides up to
20KDa;
employing bacteria (mainly E.coli) for the translation of novel
sequences. Only intronfree cDNA and not genomic DNA can be handled
by bacteria, and no post-translational modifications, so limited
set of proteins;
eukaryotic expression systems (yeast, insect cells, mammalian
cells). High costs, and use of FCS might present problems (and
lowers yield). New cell lines adapted to serum and protein free
media. Lengthy procedures, but novel cell based technologies
continuously discovered;
DNA/RNA, peptide and protein biochips. Next step will be adhered
whole cells or tissues equipped with inducible reporters.
Source: Michael Zang-Gandor,
Eugenex biotechnologies, in European Biopharmaceutical Review,
Summer 2002, pp 94-96
Analyzing proteins
The key technology platforms, which is mostly used in proteomics
research, uses 2D-PAGE for separation and quantification, followed
by identification of the proteins in the spots, by mass fingerprint
or partial amino acid sequence information using MS. This approach
has various limitations, and as a result various approaches are
being taken to develop ëgel-freeí systems:
- High Performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is generally
used for the analysis of peptides. Not applicable to proteins
or peptides with a higher molecular weight, and has a limited
resolution;
- Forms and variations of one and two-dimensional capillary electrophoresis
(CE), with or without online coupling to mass spectrometry. Wide
range of proteins can be analyzed, but limitation is its resolution,
allowing a separation of only several hundred proteins and peptides;
- Isotope coded affinity tag, aims to directly compare protein
quantities between samples. Only cysteine-containing peptides
can be seen. Mostly applicable for the analysis of samples with
a limited number of proteins;
- Protein sequence tagging (PST) selects and analyses proteolytically-generated
N-terminal peptides. Overcomes limitations other methods. Allows
a sensitive study of physiological changes on the basis of primary
protein structure information.
Source: Van Rooijen/Schwarz,
Xzillion Gmbh, in European Biopharmaceutical Review, Summer 2002,
pp 74-77
Websites
related to genomics and proteomics:
Websites for proteomic research. All are publicly accessible.
Peptide fragment databases:
http://prospector.ucsf.edu
http://www.wolf.bms.umist.ac.uk/mapper
http://www.molgen.mpg.de/~mass-spec
http://www.hgmp.mrc.ac.uk
2-DE databases
http://toothprint.otago.ac.nz
http://www.expasy.ch/ch2d
Protocols for sample preparation
http://www.expasy.ch/ch2
http://www.pierroton.inra.fr/genetics/2D
Genomic databases:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Entrez
http://www.tigr.org/tdb
http://www.expasy.ch
(Source:
IVD Technology, September 2002, pp 38)
'Pat Brown approach': http://cmgm.stanford.edu/pbrown
Crosslinker to bind DNA fragments to non-modified
glass: http://imgen.bcm.tmc.edu/molgen/facultyaz/cai.html
NIH microarray project:
http://www.nhgri.nih.gov/DIR/Microarray/main.html
Microfluidics, example to reduce hybridization variation:
http://www.biomicro.com/technology/hfd_mix.html
Totally new approach: glass fibre arrays:
http://ase.tufts.edu/chemistry/walt/
Nanotechnological approaches:
http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/stikeman0502.asp
http://www.gene-chips.com/Leming.html
Canadian programme (580 mCAN$) on genomics:
http://www.genomecanada.ca
Cellular signaling and protein-protein interactions:
http://www.cellularsignaling.org
Combinatorial
chemistry successful
To be able to use combinatorial chemistry,
a company must be able to combine informatics, engineering, micro-electronics,
material sciences and wet chemistry. Application of combinatorial
chemistry is very successful in the search for new drug candidates,
but so far the costs are still extremely high. Also, it should
be applied for process-based applications and to explore complex
systems.
See also:
A combi web portal: http://www.combi-web.com
Combinatorial index website: http://www.combinatorial.com
Combichemnet, portal: http://www.combichem.net/home/index.html
High throughput experimentation, portal: http://www.highthroughputexperimentation.com
Microfluidics: http://www.engineering.ucsb.edu/~microflu
; http://microfluidics.stanford.edu
;
http://www.aip.org/pt/vol-54/iss-6/p42.html
Labs on a chip:
Portal: http://www.lab-on-a-chip.com/home/index.html
Lab on a chip journal: http://www.rsc.org/is/journals/current/loc/locpub.htm
News
from the Commission
On November 11-13, the European Commission
launched its Framework Programme 6 in the Heysel conference center
in Brussels. The launch was attended by more than 8,000 people,
and there were numerous sessions explaining the rules and regulations
(or: how to participate) of FP6. There were also information
stands where Commission officials could be approached for information.
The Specific Programmes were adopted by the Council on September
30 and are available from the cordis website. Unfortunately,
the Work Programmes were not available yet. This is expected
to happen around December 17, together with the first call for
proposals. It will be worthwhile to check the CORDIS website
around that date. The deadline for the first call for proposals
will be the End of March 2003. The official text of FP6 and of
the Specific Programme (in English) can also be found on the
secure page of the ACTIP website ( http://www.actip.org/secure)
At the ACTIP meeting in Gent, an overview of the launch of FP6
will be presented. As soon as the Work Programme will be published,
we will prepare a special ACTIP Newsbulletin on FP6 and the Work
Programme 2003. For the time being, we prefer to refer to the
following websites:
Up to date information on calls for proposals, work programmes,
guides for participants etc, see:
http://www.cordis.lu
For information on genomics, see pp 11-12 of the Specific Programme
for RTD for FP6:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/fp6
Rules of participation in FP6:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/fp6/pdf/rules_en.pdf
Instruments for implementing the thematic priorities of FP6:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/fp6/networks-ip.html
Innovation
in FP6
Unlike previous Framework Programmes, FP6
does not include a specific 'innovation programme'. Instead,
innovation-related activities are distributed throughout Work
Programmes 1 and 2 &endash; integrating and strengthening the
European Research Area (WP1) and Structuring the European Research
Area (WP2). They remain under the management of the Directorate-General
for Enterprise, and will build on the equivalent actions of FP5.
A significant proportion of FP6s innovation-related work concerns
the trans-regional, trans-sectoral and cross-disciplinary networking
of public authorities, economic actors and social partners ñ
the stakeholders who together form Europeís innovation
community. DG Enterprise has recently published a directory on
all aspects of innovation policy in ëInnovation and Technology
Transfer(October 2002). The directory covers:
the principal services of CORDIS;
the other main innovation-related resources provided by the Commission;
national authorities responsible for innovation support;
key networks of regional innovation service providers.
The directory is intended as a resource for innovation actors
for the lifetime of FP6. Warmly recommended. See also http://www.cordis.lu/rtd2002/home.html
. Below we already give some of the resources to be found in
this directory:
Trend chart on innovation in Europe: http://trendchart.cordis.lu
National R&D and Innovation Information services (websites
for each member state): http://www.cordis.lu/national_service/
CORDIS Wire (where the business and research community can publish
press releases): mailto:wire@corids.lu"
wire@corids.lu
News services for FP6 participants: http://www.cordis/lu/fp6
Cordis News with daily updates on programme calls, events, policy
developments etc: http://dbs.cordis.lu/news/en
. CORDIS Express - http://www.cordis.lu/express/
contains summaries of the News services most recent items
on research and innovation policy. You can submit news items
to: mailto:news@cordis.lu
CORDIS Technology Marketplace with clearly written digests of
the latest research results: http://www.cordis.lu/marketplace/
Euroabstracts with brief summaries of the key facts and ideas
on innovation and scientific research from the Commission and
international bodies: http://www.cordis.lu/euroabstracts
A Europe wide community for investors and service providers to
share knowledge and good practice and with specific networks
for early stage venture capital investors, industrial liaison
officers etc: http://www.gate2gorwth.com/
Business
News
Battle in UN over cloning ban
In the United Nations a battle is raging about an international
ban on cloning of human beings and human cells. A total ban on
reproductive as well as therapeutic cloning is proposed by the
United States, Spain, and the Philippines, supported by the Vatican
and a number of strict catholic countries such as Italy, Argentina
and Costa Rica. Opposite are France and Germany, which have launched
a proposal supported by most members of the UN: these countries
all support a ban on reproductive cloning, and further negotiations
regarding therapeutic cloning. The latter countries hold the
opinion that a all-or-nothing approach as advocated by the United
States will impede the decision making process, meaning that
international regulation will not materialize at all, with all
associated risks of the technology proceeding and reproductive
cloning being carried out anyway.
Source:
U.N. Tries to Break Deadlock on Human Cloning Treaty, Inter Press
Service, October 17, 2002;
Legal Committee calls for working groups on human cloning, http://www.health.fgov.be/WHI3/krant/krantarch2001/kranttekstnov1/011120m09un.htm
International Convention against the reproductive cloning of
human beings, United Nations General Assembly, Sixth Committee,
Fifty-seventh session,
http://daccess-ods.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N02/615/01/PDF/N0261501.pdf?OpenElement
Lion Biosciences drops drug discovery
On September 6, Lion Bioscience announced
that it would discontinue its iD3-drug discovery business to
focus on its core bioinformatics business. Many genomics companies
that delved into drug discovery are finding the risks too high
in the current economic climate &endash; drug discovery is a
luxury that a lot of them can't afford right now (Steve Burrell).
Source: Nature Biotechnology,
Vol 20, October 2002, pp 965
Approval for human activatedprotein
C
Human activated protein C has been approved by the European Commission
on August 26 as anti-sepsis drug. Activated protein C is produced
by Eli Lilly in bioreactors with human kidney cells. The kidney
cells glycosylate the protein not 100% correctly, but this does
not induce any immune reactions. To save one life, 16 treatments
of 7,000 USD each are needed. It is expected that one in 5 sepsis
patients might benefit from the treatment. Source: Bionieuws,
September 7, 2002.
New chairman EuropaBio
Drs. Feike Sijbesma has been elected new chairman of EuropaBio.
Mr. Sijbesma is member of the Board of Directors of DSM Life
Science Products. The preceding two years he was vice-chairman
of EurpaBio.
Research
News
Stem cells
To keep human embryonic stem (HES) cells in an undifferentiated
state, they need to be grown on a layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts
(MEF), or in MEF-conditioned medium. This introduces risks of
contamination by infectious agents, precluding their use in patents.
Recently, a group of researchers in Singapore have cultured HES
cells in an animal-free system that uses a feeder layer of human
fetal or adult cells and medium untainted by animal protein.
The cells grown on human feeders are undistinguishable from those
grown on MEF feeders.
Source: Nature Biotechnology,
Vol 20, Sept 2002; pp 933-936.
Prophylactic for prions
CpGs stimulate innate immunity in the host and could therefore
slow the spread of an infection. A German group of researchers
have recently shown that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides might prolong
prion incubation time and extend life. The researchers injected
mice with a mouse variant of scrapie and within 7 hours treated
the mice with saline or CpG daily for 4 or 20 days. All control
mouse died of scrapie within 183 days; those given CpG daily
for 4 days survived 38% longer. All mice treated for 20 days
were still alive after 330 days.
Source: Lancet 360,
229-230, 2002.
Light-switchable gene promoter system
Regulatable transgene expression systems providing easily controlled,
conditional induction or repression of expression are indispensable
tools in biomedical research and biotechnology. Several such
systems have been developed for eukaryotes, most of these relying
on administration of either exogenous chemicals or heat shock.
American researchers recently reported that they have developed
a promoter system that can be induced, rapidly and reversibly,
by short pulses of light. This system is based on the known red-light
induced binding of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome to the
protein PIF3 and the reversal of this binding by far-red light.
The extent of induction can be controlled precisely by titration
of the number of photons delivered to the cells by the light
pulse. Thus, this system has the potential to provide rapid,
non-invasive, switchable control of expression of a desired gene
to a preselected level in any suitable cell by simple exposure
to a light signal.
Source: Nature Biotechnology,
Vol 20, October 2002, pp 1041-1044
Cloned zebrafish
Cloning technology is becoming a potent force in the laboratory.
Model laboratory animals that have been cloned by nuclear transfer
now include the mouse and two small laboratory fish, medaka and
zebrafish. For the latter, a US group chose an approach using
long-term cultured donor cells and nuclear transfer. A different
strategy was used by a Dutch group, yielding a mutant zebrafish
using targeting-induced local lesions in genome (TILLING) technology.
This technology has been used in other organisms, such as the
plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The major use of the transgenic model
animals will be to test gene function by gene disruption.
Source: various, see
also Nature Biotechnology Volume 20, August 2002.
On
the web
Chemical abstracts
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) is the premier information source
for (bio)chemists. With the Chemical Abstracts (CAplus) database
CAS discloses 8.000 scientific, technical journals and patent
publications from 32 patent issuing organizations in the area
of chemistry and life science (http://www.cas.org/chemplus/chemplus1.html).
With the CAS Registry file CAS offers access to more than 39
million compounds with their CAS Registry Number ( http://www.cas.org/casdb.html#regdb
).
STN International offers 3 interfaces to
access CAplus and Registry together with 205 other databases
in science and technology ( http://www.stn-international.de
). Via ChemPort the bibliographies are linked to the full text
(journal list: http://141.66.18.180/html/english/journals_list.html)
or you can order them via FIZ AutoDoc ( http://www.fiz-karlsruhe.de/doc_del/autfirst.html)
Major medical/pharmaceutical website
Pharma-lexicon.com (http://www.pharma-lexicon.com)
is one of the world's major medical/pharmaceutical websites.
The world's largest online database of medical, nursing,Ýpharmaceutical,
biotech and agrochemical abbreviations - over 57,000. Free to
use. Directory of pharmaceutical companies, pharmacy faculties,
government health departments, healthcare job agencies.
Publications/reports
First ever Ernst & Young global
report 2002
Recently, Ernst & Young issued its
first global biotechnology report 2002, ëBeyond Bordersí.
This report combines the successful US and European reports and
also reviews Canada, Asia/Pacific countries and some of the worldís
developing markets.
The new report is broken into two major sections: Section 1,
the Global Marketplace and Section 2, Regional
markets. In the global marketplace,
25 countries, together accounting for 79% of the global gross
domestic product, are surveyed. In Section 2, the reports are
broken down into main world markets, and resemble more the old
US and European reports. Available from Ernst & Young, also
visit: www.ey.com/beyondborders
The bio-entrepreneur
In July 2002, Nature Biotechnology issued
a supplement called 'Bio-entrepreneur &endash; nurturing the
business of biotechnology'. The special covers:
- bioentrepreneurship (with 'the rise of
the European bio-entrepreneur')
business incubation and start-up
strategic planning
legalities and finance
management and communications (including dealing with the media)
Swedish Biopharma
The Swedish biopharma industry has more
than doubled in the last sixyears, growing from 25 companies
in 1996 to the current 52. Next to the medical device industry
the biopharma industry is the largest biotech industry segment
in Sweden. The predominant disease groups for R&D in
Swedish biopharma are: Inflammation / autoimmune, metabolic,
cancer, infectious, and neurological diseases. However, the pipeline
of the industry is in its infancy.
Swedish Biopharma Industry - The Next Wave (released Sept, 2002)
http://www.swedishpharma.info
Other interesting reports are:
Ion Channel Assays in the Drug Discovery
Process (released June, 2002)
http://www.ion-channels-in-drug-discovery.info
The Competitive Landscape of Cancer Gene
Therapy (released May, 2002)
http://www.competitive-landscape-gene-therapy.info
Commercializing on Tumor Antigens: Analytical
Perspectives (released Feb, 2002)
http://www.commercializing-tumor-antigens.info
AGENDA
A number of interesting conferences and workshops is coming up.
Of all the events mentioned here, the detailed programmes and
registration/application forms are available from the ACTIP secretariat.
Plenary ACTIP meeting
December 12-13, Gent, Belgium
Organisation: ACTIP Secretariat: mailto:ACTIP@ACTIP.
Standardisation and Quality
Control Cell and Genetherapy products
24-25 February 2003, Strasbourg (France)
Organization: EDQM, email: publicrelations@pheur.org
Marine biotechnology: basics
and applications
February 25-March 1, 2003, Matalascanas, Spain
Organisation: marine.biot@algemeen.pk.wau.nl
Conference on Plant-Made
Pharmaceuticals
16-19 March, 2003, Quebec, Canada
Organization: http://www.cpmp2003.org
BioTechHelsinki 03
March 24-26, 2003, Helsinki, Finland
Organisation: Finish Bioindustries/Sitra/Tekes.; Tel: + 358 917
28 43 14. ; Web: http://www.biotechhelsinki.com
BioVision 2003
April 8-11, 2003, Lyon France
Organisation: www.biovision.org
ESACT meeting: animal cell
technology meets genomics
May 11-15, 2003, Granada
Organisation: ESACT, http://www.esact.org
or + 34 932 388 777
Genetics. Genomes, the
linkage to life
July 6-12, 2003, Melbourne Australia
Organization: http://www.geneticscongress2003.com
11th EuropeanCongress on
Biotechnology, 25th anniversary of EFB:
Building bridges between biosciences and bioengineering
24-29 August, 2003, Basel, Switzerland
Organisation: ECB11, Tel + 41 61 686 28 28; fax: +41 61 686 21
85; email: HYPERLINK mailto:info@ecb11.ch
; web: http://www.ecb11.ch
6th Conference on Protein
Expression in Animal Cells
7-11 September, 2003 , Quebec, Canada.
Organization: www.bri.nrc.ca/6thPEACe
ACTIP bulletin no. 32, December 2002
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